Introduction

1. Durie (2001)
2. Royal Commission on Social Policy, vII p472
3. Auckland City Council et al (2001)

People

4. The 2001 figure for Pacific females under 18 has been revised, using age-specific fertility rates by single year of age and ethnic group for the period 2000-2002, published by Statistics New Zealand on the web-based Population Monitor in 2004
5. Statistics New Zealand (2003a) p29
6. These figures are based on 'medium' projections (Series 4), assuming medium fertility, medium mortality and a long-term annual net migration gain of 5,000
7. These figures are based on 'medium' projections (Series 6), assuming medium fertility, medium mortality, medium inter-ethnic mobility and medium long-term annual net migration (-2,500 for Māori, 500 for Pacific peoples, -8,000 for Europeans). For the Asian population, the medium migration variant assumes that net migration will trend downwards, from 23,000 in 2004 to 5,000 in 2021. There are no projections for other ethnic groups, which together made up less than 1 percent of the population in 2001
8. Disability is defined as any restriction or lack (resulting from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. People were not considered to have a disability if an assistive device (such as glasses) completely eliminated their limitation. A concept of time was also introduced as a filter; the limitation must have lasted for, or be expected to last for, at least six months or more. See Statistics New Zealand (2001e) p128
9. Provisional data from Ministry of Health (unpublished)
10. In part these figures reflect the older age distribution of people with disabilities, and that older people tend to be more poorly qualified, and to be on low personal incomes

Health

11. Howden-Chapman and Tobias (2000)
12. Ministry of Health (1999a) p351
13. Tobias and Cheung (2003)
14. OECD (2003c) Table 1
15. Ministry of Health and Health Funding Authority (1998) p67
16. Age-standardised rates are rates in which there has been an adjustment to take account of differences in the age distribution of the populations being compared
17. Beautrais (2000), cited in Ministry of Health (2003a) p6
18. http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/country_reports/en/
19. New Zealand Health Information Service/World Health Organization
20. Ministry of Health (1999a) p 344
21. Ministry of Health (2003b) p12
22. Howden-Chapman and Tobias (2000) p54
23. OECD (2003c)
24. Ministry of Health (2003b) p16
25. The use of different cut points for ethnic groups is currently under review by the Ministry of Health
26. Cole et al (2000)
27. Ministry of Health (2002a) p12
28. Hillary Commission (1991)
29. Ministry of Health (1999d) Table F1
30. OECD (2004a)

Knowledge and Skills

31. See, for example, Wylie (1999)
32. OECD (2000b) p294
33. Wylie (1999), Boocock (1995)
34. OECD (2000b) p294
35. OECD (2003a)
36. Ministry of Education (2001c)
37. Ministry of Education (2001c)
38. For the purposes of calculating New Zealand's performance relative to the OECD median, Switzerland's score was excluded as it had three separate entries - French, Italian, and German
39. OECD (2000c)
40. The Māori and non-Māori total tertiary participation rates in this section have been age-standardised to the estimated total resident population aged 15 and over, as at 30 June 2003
41. OECD (2003a)

Paid Work

42. This includes wage and other payments to employees and entrepreneurial income, 1998 Statistics New Zealand data, cited in Department of Labour (1999)
43. Savage (1996). See also Maloney (1987)
44. OECD (2003b) Statistical Annex, Table A, p299; OECD (2004b) p16
45. OECD (2003b) Statistical Annex, Table G, p325
46. See Winkelmann and Winkelmann (1998)
47. The Ministry of Social Development commissioned the Social Wellbeing Survey in early 2004 in order to be able to report on a number of the new indicators used in this report. The methodology, results and data from the survey are available at the Social Report website www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz

Economic Standard of Living

48. Royal Commission on Social Security in New Zealand (1972)
49. OECD 2004(c)
50. Statistics New Zealand (2001c)
51. For a description of the Gini co-efficient, see Statistics New Zealand (1999) p118
52. Forster M and Pearson M (2002) p98
53. Derived from the Household Economic Survey by the Ministry of Social Development and using international data from OECD (2000d) p94
54. Robust data is not available for low-income households by household characteristics (such as ethnicity)
55. Baker et al (2000)
56. Statistics New Zealand (1998e) p61
57. Percentages do not add to 100 as some people identified with more than one ethnic group
58. Persons who received income support in the 12 months prior to the census. Excludes those who received ACC or New Zealand Superannuation

Civil and Political Rights

59. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (1998)
60. The 1988 Royal Commission on Social Policy found that New Zealanders felt wellbeing was strongly associated with the ability to make choices and to not have choices imposed on them. Royal Commission on Social Policy (1988)
61. For example, see the section on New Zealand in the United States State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices; http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18257.htm.
62. Miller and Sarat (1980-81)
63. Vowles and Aimer (1993:53)
64. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance [16 June 2004]
65. Inter-Parliamentary Union [16 June 2004]
66. Transparency International [16 June 2004]

Cultural Identity

67. Durie (1997), National Health Committee Not in reference list (1998a) p33
68. Statistics New Zealand (2001b)
69. ACNielsen (2004)
70. NZ On Air (1999) p3
71. All those who identified as Māori in the census are counted as part of the Māori ethnic group in this indicator
72. Well or very well refers to being able to talk naturally and confidently in Māori about domestic or community subjects without making errors. Fairly well refers to being able to communicate their ideas in Māori most of the time but may make some grammatical errors. Not very well refers to being able to give simple instructions in Māori and maintain basic question and answer sequences

Physical Environment

73. The 1988 Royal Commission on Social Policy identified 'guardianship of the physical resource' as a major part of the 'safe prospect' aspect of social wellbeing
74. Statistics New Zealand (1993) p26
75. Statistics New Zealand (1993) p83
76. Statistics New Zealand (1993)

Safety

77. Morris et al (2003) pp222-224
78. National Research Council (1993)
79. National Road Safety Committee (2000)
80. Between June 1994 and June 1995 years, there was a change in the notification categories used and notifications not directly related to care and protection (which came under the heading of 'general welfare inquiries') were subsequently excluded from the statistics. This contributed to the sharp drop in the number of notifications between 1994 and 1995
81. Figures have been revised because of changes in the recording system
82. UNICEF (2003) Figure 1a, p4. The New Zealand figure is a five-year average for the period 1994-1998
83. Morris et al (2003) p145
84. 2003 data is provisional
85. Land Transport Safety Authority (2000)
86. International Road Traffic and Accident Database (OECD)

Social Connectedness

87. Spellerberg (2001)
88. Donovan and Halpern (2002) p27
89. Noll and Berger-Schmitt (2000)
90. OECD (2001a)

Conclusion

91. Ministry of Social Development (2004)
92. Veenhoven (2004)
93. Ministry of Education (2002b)

^ Top