Representation of women in government

Relevance

The representation of women in government can be seen as an indicator of political representation more generally. Representative political institutions engage a wide range of communities in the political process, draw on the talents and skills of the broadest group of people, and provide checks and balances on the use of political power.

Current level and trends

1. General elections

As a result of the 2008 general election, women held 41 of the 122 seats in Parliament, or 34 per cent. This was up from 32 per cent in 2005. Under the first-past-the-post electoral system, women’s representation in Parliament increased from 13 per cent in 1984 to 21 per cent in 1993, then rose sharply to 29 per cent in the first mixed-member-proportional election held in 1996. Since then, with the exception of 2002, there have been small increases in the proportion of women in Parliament at each general election. Women were first represented in the New Zealand Parliament in 1933.

In the 2008 general election, women made up a higher proportion of list MPs (42 per cent) than electorate MPs (27 per cent). Female representation has been higher among list MPs than electorate MPs in each general election from 1996 onwards except that of 2002, when the proportions of women in each category were similar.

Figure CP2.1 Women as a proportion of elected Members of Parliament, 1984–2008

Sources: Electoral Commission (2002) p 176; Electoral Commission (2006); Wilson and Anderson (2008)

The majority of women elected to Parliament in 2008 were list MPs (54 per cent). List MPs have outnumbered electorate MPs among women elected to Parliament in four of the last five general elections. In contrast, the majority of men elected to Parliament are electorate MPs.

International comparison

At 34 per cent in 2008, the percentage of women in New Zealand’s Parliament is considerably higher than the OECD median of 23 per cent in recent years. New Zealand ranks eighth out of 30 OECD countries. Sweden has the highest proportion of women MPs with 47 per cent, followed by Finland (42 per cent), the Netherlands (41 per cent), Denmark (38 per cent), Spain and Norway (each 36 per cent) and Belgium (35 per cent). New Zealand has considerably higher female representation in national government than Australia (27 per cent), Canada (22 per cent), the United Kingdom (20 per cent) and the United States (17 per cent).⁸²

Current level and trends

2. Local authority elections

In the 2007 local government elections, 579 women were elected to local authorities.⁸³ This represented 32 per cent of elected members. The proportion of women elected increased from 25 per cent in 1989⁸⁴ to 31 per cent in 1998 and remained at around that level in the two subsequent elections. In the 1990s and early-2000s, women were more highly represented in local government than in national government, but this trend has been reversed since the 2005 general election.

Female candidates were more likely than male candidates to be elected in each election year from 1989 to 1998, but this was reversed in 2001, when 41 per cent of female candidates and 44 per cent of male candidates were elected. In 2004, the proportions were more even (48 per cent of female and 49 per cent of male candidates elected). In 2007, female candidates were again more likely than male candidates to be elected (50 per cent compared with 46 per cent).

In 2007, women’s representation was highest on district health boards (46 per cent), followed by city councils (37 per cent). Between 2004 and 2007, the share of women increased in all types of local authority except community boards and licensing and land trusts.

Table CP2.1 Proportion (%) of members who were women, by type of local body, 1989–2007

Source:Department of Internal Affairs (2009) Table 7.4
Notes: (1) District councils’ 2001 figures revised by the Department of Internal Affairs (2) DHBs were established in 2001 (3) Trusts are not included because they are not local authorities

The number of women elected to city council mayoral positions has remained fairly steady at three or four since 1989. Between 2004 and 2007 the figure fell from four to three out of 16. In contrast, the number of women mayors in district councils increased rapidly from six (out of 59) in 1989 to 15 in 1998, fell sharply to eight in 2001 and rose slightly to 10 in 2004 and 2007.

Table CP2.2 Women mayors, 1989–2007

Source: Department of Internal Affairs (2009) Table 7.5
Notes: (1) Includes Chatham Islands Council (2) Chatham Islands Council did not elect a mayor in 1989 (3) Invercargill has been a city council since 1992 (4) There was no election in RodneyDistrict in 2001 (5) Tauranga became a city council in 2004 (6) Banks Peninsula District was abolished and included in Christchurch City in 2006

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